Effect of high soda beverage consumption on the fertility of naive male mice

Efecto del alto consumo de bebidas gaseosas sobre la fertilidad de ratones machos naive

Background: The consumption of soda drinks has risen in recent years. Excessive intake of soda beverages has been linked to numerous detrimental effects. This study sought to examine the impact of soda consumption on the fertility of male mice. Methods: Twenty male mice were allocated to a control group and a soda group. After four months, blood samples from mice were used to estimate male sex hormones, prolactin, adropin, endothelin-1, and nitric oxide (NO). Additionally, the testis was obtained for semen analysis and assessment of testicular lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. Furthermore, testicular tissue NO synthase immunohistochemistry was estimated for the mice in the two groups, while the semen was obtained from caudae epididymides. Results: Soda drinking significantly raised body weight and lowered the testicular weight/body weight ratio. Compared with the control group, the soda group had increased endothelin-1 and NO and decreased testosterone and adropin levels. Soda consumption lowered testicular catalase, GSH-Px, and SOD and elevated LPO. Regarding semen analysis, soda significantly decreases sperm count and motility, whereas it increases abnormal sperm morphology. Soda drinking significantly increased testicular nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunohistochemistry compared with the control group. Conclusions: The study concludes that the high consumption of soda beverages reduces the fertility of male mice via the induction of oxidative stress. This stress diminishes sperm counts and motility while augmenting the prevalence of defective sperm. In addition, soda drinking decreases testosterone and adropin levels.

Resumen

Antecedentes: El consumo de bebidas gaseosas ha aumentado en los últimos años. La ingesta excesiva de bebidas gaseosas se ha relacionado con numerosos efectos perjudiciales. Este estudio buscó examinar el impacto del consumo de refrescos en la fertilidad de ratones macho. Métodos: Se dividieron veinte ratones macho en un grupo de control y un grupo de refrescos. Después de cuatro meses, se utilizaron muestras de sangre de ratones para estimar las hormonas sexuales masculinas, prolactina, adropina, endotelina-1 y óxido nítrico (NO). Además, se obtuvieron los testículos para el análisis de semen y la evaluación de los niveles de peroxidación lipídica testicular (LPO), glutatión reducido (GSH), catalasa, glutatión peroxidasa (GSH-Px) y superóxido dismutasa (SOD). Además, se estimó la inmunohistoquímica de la NO sintasa del tejido testicular para los ratones de los dos grupos, mientras que el semen se obtuvo de los epidídimos de la cola de caballo. Resultados: El consumo de refrescos aumentó significativamente el peso corporal y redujo la relación peso testicular/peso corporal. En comparación con el grupo de control, el grupo de refrescos tuvo un aumento de endotelina-1 y NO y una disminución de los niveles de testosterona y adropina. El consumo de refrescos redujo la catalasa testicular, GSH-Px y SOD y elevó la LPO. En cuanto al análisis de semen, los refrescos disminuyen significativamente el recuento y la motilidad de los espermatozoides, mientras que la morfología anormal de los espermatozoides aumenta. El consumo de refrescos aumentó significativamente la inmunohistoquímica testicular nitric oxide synthase (NOS) en comparación con el grupo de control. Conclusiones: El estudio concluye que el elevado consumo de bebidas gaseosas reduce la fertilidad de ratones macho mediante la inducción de estrés oxidativo. Este estrés disminuye el recuento y la motilidad de los espermatozoides al tiempo que aumenta la prevalencia de espermatozoides defectuosos. Además, el consumo de refrescos disminuye los niveles de testosterona y adropina.

Soda beverage; Fertility; Semen analysis; Oxidative stress; Antioxidants

Palabras Clave

Bebida gaseosa; Fertilidad; Análisis de semen; Estrés oxidativo; Antioxidantes

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